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- <text id=94TT0445>
- <title>
- Apr. 18, 1994: The Combination Punch
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Apr. 18, 1994 Is It All Over for Smokers?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 67
- The Combination Punch
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>As if devastating the immune system were not enough, the AIDS
- virus may also trigger cancer
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman--With reporting by Dick Thompson/Washington
- </p>
- <p> Of the many afflictions that descend upon AIDS patients, cancer
- is one of the most relentless. Doctors have long believed that
- various forms of malignancy arise indirectly because the AIDS
- virus, HIV, damages the immune system, making the body vulnerable
- to cancer-causing agents, whatever they may be. But that assumption
- could be wrong, at least in some cases. New evidence suggests
- that HIV itself can be the trigger for cancer, directly causing
- cells to turn malignant.
- </p>
- <p> This news comes from the University of California at San Francisco,
- where researchers studied AIDS patients with lymphoma, a cancer
- in which lymph cells grow wildly. The scientists found that
- HIV had invaded the cells and, in some instances, activated
- cancer-causing genes that are normally dormant.
- </p>
- <p> If the findings, which are reported in the journal Cancer Research,
- are confirmed, they may mean that a variety of viruses of the
- same type as HIV, called retroviruses, could also cause cancer.
- Moreover, the results raise concerns about two major areas of
- research: the efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine and to cure
- other diseases through so-called gene therapy. Attempts to vaccinate
- people by using a weakened strain of HIV may turn out to be
- dangerous: the inoculation might offer protection against AIDS
- but cause a cancer. Doctors now experimenting with gene therapy
- use retroviruses as molecular taxis to transport bits of fresh
- genetic material into cells in an attempt to replace defective
- genes. Gene therapists say the retroviruses have been altered
- so that they cannot reproduce. Yet the scientists acknowledge
- a small risk that the viruses could cause cancer.
- </p>
- <p> In the San Francisco study, Dr. Michael McGrath and Dr. Bruce
- Shiramizu examined tissue from more than two dozen AIDS patients
- who suffered from lymphoma. In the majority of cases, they found
- what any AIDS researcher would expect. After infecting the lymph
- system, HIV uses its genetic material, RNA, as a template to
- produce viral DNA, which randomly incorporates itself into the
- cell's DNA. But in a few cases, the viral strands zeroed in
- on a particular stretch of cell DNA. When the investigators
- looked more closely, they discovered what is known as an oncogene
- nearby. Responsible for normal growth during development, oncogenes
- are supposed to lie low in adulthood. However, they can trigger
- cancer if they remain stuck in the on position later in life.
- </p>
- <p> Like detectives who determine how a fire broke out by studying
- the way in which the house burned down, the researchers surmised
- that HIV had somehow switched on the dormant oncogene, causing
- the cell to divide repeatedly. "It surprised us at first," McGrath
- recalls. "We thought it was coincidence, but then it happened
- three more times and we knew we were on to something." The new
- cancer cells released yet more virus, which activated oncogenes
- in other cells, starting a deadly chain reaction.
- </p>
- <p> The research suggests a possible strategy for treating lymphoma
- in these patients: attack HIV with antiviral drugs like interferon.
- "We don't know whether turning off HIV will turn off the cancer
- gene as well," McGrath admits. "But it's an approach we are
- eager to pursue."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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